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The federal government’s carbon pricing scheme is constitutionally sound and has the critical purpose of fighting climate change, Ontario’s top court ruled in a split decision on Friday.
The Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, enacted in April, is within Parliament’s jurisdiction to legislate in relation to matters on “national concern,” Chief Justice George Strathy wrote on behalf of the court.
“Parliament has determined that atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases causes climate changes that pose an existential threat to human civilization and the global ecosystem,” Strathy said.
“The need for a collective approach to a matter of national concern, and the risk of non-participation by one or more provinces, permits Canada to adopt minimum national standards to reduce (greenhouse gas) emissions.”
Strathay also wrote in his decision that climate change “has had a particularly serious impact on some Indigenous communities in Canada. The impact is greater in these communities because of the traditionally close relationship between Indigenous peoples and the land and waters on which they live.”
Among the case’s intervenors is the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN), who highlighted in submissions to the court the impacts of climate change on their people and lands.
ACFN, “whose traditional territory extends from northeastern Alberta, northward into the Northwest Territories, and eastward to Hudson Bay – depend for their survival on hunting caribou, gathering food and medicinal plants, and trapping and fishing,” Strathat wrote in the decision.
“The ACFN has adduced evidence that these traditional, survival-based practices are threatened by climate change. A declining barrenland caribou population, the reduction of surface water in lakes and rivers, and an increased risk of wildfires, each of which is caused or exacerbated by climate change, threaten the ACFN’s ability to maintain its traditional way of life.”
Amir Attaran, a lawyer for EcoJustice who represented ACFN in the case, said the decision is huge for the First Nation.
“It will help secure their survival,” he said at a press conference Friday in Ottawa.
“My client is very concerned. My client is a northern First Nation. They have lived where they live for 7,000 years, at least. By living off the land. By hunting caribou. By fishing. By navigating on the waters. All of which is profoundly threatened by climate change. And the court specifically noted this in its decision.”
Ontario’s Progressive Conservative government under Premier Doug Ford, who calls the carbon charge an illegal tax, had argued the act is a violation of the Constitution because it allows the federal government to intrude on provincial jurisdiction.
During four days of submissions in April, Ontario insisted the act would undermine co-operative federalism. Provincial lawyers argued the federal government would end up with the power to regulate almost every facet of life — such as when you can drive, where you can live, or whether you can have a wood-burning fireplace.
For their part, federal lawyers argued the province was fearmongering. The act, they said, was a legitimate response to potentially catastrophic climate change by creating an incentive for people to change their behaviour.
To the delight of environmental groups, the majority of the Appeal Court agreed with Ottawa, rejecting any contention the carbon levy is an illegal tax.
“They are regulatory in nature and connected to the purposes of the act,” Strathy wrote. “They are not taxes.”
Cutting greenhouse emissions cannot be dealt with “piecemeal” and must be addressed as a single matter to ensure its efficacy, the court said. “The establishment of minimum national standards does precisely that.”
In a dissenting opinion, Justice Grant Huscroft said climate change did not amount to an “emergency case” and warned against allowing rhetoric to colour the analysis. Carbon pricing is only one way to deal with greenhouse gases, he said.
“There are many ways to address climate change, and the provinces have ample authority to pursue them,” Huscroft said.
The federal act currently only applies in four Conservative provinces — Ontario, Manitoba, New Brunswick and Saskatchewan — which Ottawa says don’t meet national standards. Alberta is in the process of its own challenge against the law.
There was no immediate reaction from Ford but federal Environment Minister Catherine McKenna called the judgment good news for Canadians who believe climate action is urgent. She took aim at those opposed to the act, such as Ford, Alberta Premier Jason Kenney and federal Conservative Leader Andrew Scheer.
“It is unfortunate that Conservative politicians … continue to waste taxpayers’ dollars fighting climate action in court rather than taking real action to fight climate change,” McKenna said in a statement.
In all, 14 interveners — among them some provinces, Indigenous groups and environmental and business organizations — lined up to defend or attack the law, with most siding with Ottawa. Some observers said the challenge was more about politics than the environment.
The issue is expected to be ultimately decided before the country’s top court. In May, Saskatchewan’s top court in a 3-2 decision upheld the carbon pricing law as constitutional. The Supreme Court of Canada has said it will hear Saskatchewan’s appeal of that ruling in December — after the October federal election.
Stewart Elgie, a professor of law and economics at the University of Ottawa, called the decision a “big nail in the coffin” for Conservative premiers challenging carbon pricing.
“Two provincial appeal courts have upheld the federal law, and it is very likely the Supreme Court will do the same,” Elgie said. “It would be great if Doug Ford took the $30 million he’s using to fight carbon pricing, and instead used it to fight climate change.”
Ontario Green Leader Mike Schreiner said he was relieved the courts rejected Ford’s attempts to make Ontario a “rogue actor in the fight against the climate crisis,” while New Democrat Peter Tabuns said the challenge was a “political stunt” aimed at helping the federal Conservatives in the coming election.
With files from the Canadian Press.
